Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade 12 EIPs update $410bn blockchain

• Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade activates on December 3 with 12 EIPs and targets scaling improvements through new data handling mechanisms.
• PeerDAS introduces blob sampling to reduce the bandwidth required for layer 2 transaction verification across the Ethereum network.
• Rollups can submit more blob data with lower costs, while base layer updates help nodes operate more efficiently and consistently.

Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade is scheduled to activate on mainnet on December 3, 2025. It bundles 12 Ethereum Improvement Proposals that target data availability, bandwidth efficiency and node operations in a direct, measurable way. With Ethereum securing about $410 billion on-chain and major layer 2 networks hosting roughly $47 billion in value, Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade arrives as a response to real network pressure, not a decorative roadmap item.

How Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade reshapes data availability and layer 2 economics

At the center of Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade stands Peer Data Availability Sampling (PeerDAS), which changes how the network verifies blob data from rollups. Today, layer 2 chains batch thousands of transactions into blobs, post them to Ethereum, and full nodes download each blob in full to verify the data. That method protects security, but as rollup usage grows, it drives bandwidth and storage costs higher and raises the bar for running a node. PeerDAS replaces full downloads with probabilistic sampling: nodes request many small, random pieces of each blob from different peers and verify consistency. If enough samples check out, nodes can treat the blob as available with high confidence, without storing every byte. Analyses from client teams and independent researchers indicate that this design can raise effective data throughput for rollups by up to eight times while keeping Ethereum’s security assumptions intact. With lower per-node requirements, the protocol can safely raise blob capacity so more batched transactions settle without saturating execution blocks, which reflects a core objective of Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade.

The economics of blob space also shift in this upgrade. Specific EIPs adjust how blob fees work and allow parameter changes without constant hard forks, so Ethereum can react to demand with more flexibility. A minimum blob fee and explicit limits on blob usage reduce zero-cost spam yet keep space available for legitimate rollup data. These mechanisms give large rollups more predictable long-term cost structures and shield them from sudden fee spikes driven purely by mainnet execution gas. Smaller projects gain a clearer route to publish state updates without competing directly with high-value base layer transactions during peak times. In practice, Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade aims to create steadier conditions for data-heavy protocols, less volatility in blob pricing, and a cleaner link between real demand and the cost of secure data availability.

PeerDAS, EIPs and the core mechanics behind Ethereum scaling

The technical scope of Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade goes beyond a single flagship feature and extends the roadmap that followed the Pectra upgrade in May 2025. One EIP defines how nodes sample and share blob fragments, how many samples they must check, and how they treat peers that fail to respond. Others cap execution-layer block size, refine gas accounting, and adjust precompile costs, making denial-of-service attacks more expensive and less attractive. Together, these changes draw firmer lines for block and blob sizes while still pushing safe throughput beyond the current base layer peak of roughly 30 transactions per second.

Another group of EIPs in Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade focuses on node operations and reliability. Client teams provide configuration tools that help validators confirm Fusaka-ready settings before activation, reducing the risk of misconfigured nodes at the fork. According to the Ethereum Foundation, mainnet activation is set for the start of epoch 411392 on December 3, 2025, at around 21:49:11 UTC, following successful testnet launches on Holešky, Sepolia and Hoodi. Validators face one clear requirement: update clients in time or fall onto a non-canonical chain. This staged and tested rollout underlines Ethereum’s approach to scaling: incremental, conservative steps that strengthen capacity while avoiding shortcuts, even as the ecosystem works toward a long-term goal near 100,000 transactions per second through rollups rather than mainnet alone.

Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade and its impact on nodes, rollups and users

The direct effect of Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade on node operators appears in reduced bandwidth and storage pressure. Sampling replaces full blob downloads, so more operators can run validating nodes on modest, accessible hardware without losing sync. Lower resource demands help counter centralization pressure and support a broader, more geographically distributed validator set, which reinforces Ethereum’s security assumptions instead of weakening them. For rollup teams, Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade opens real headroom to submit blob data at scale. Higher sustainable blob capacity, structured limits, and refined blob fee mechanics let optimistic and zero-knowledge rollups post larger batches while keeping settlement anchored on Ethereum’s base layer. Established networks gain stronger protection against congestion shocks; new applications that depend on frequent updates, such as high-volume DeFi protocols or on-chain games, can plan around clearer assumptions for data inclusion. As the base layer processes blobs more efficiently, users on rollups should feel less fee pressure during busy periods, although absolute prices will still depend on total demand for block space and blobs across the ecosystem.

Users who transact directly on mainnet also gain indirect benefits from Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade. More efficient blob handling leaves additional room in blocks for standard transfers and smart contract interactions when rollup data peaks. Security-focused EIPs tighten operational limits and gas rules so attacks require more resources, helping maintain consistent confirmation times for wallets, exchanges and infrastructure services. Most of these changes stay invisible in user interfaces, yet they shape how stable Ethereum feels during market stress and heavy usage.

Positioning Ethereum for 100,000 TPS and the next phase of scaling

The broader roadmap treats Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade as a structural step toward a settlement layer that supports around 100,000 transactions per second when combined with mature rollups. The base chain alone, constrained near 30 transactions per second, cannot sustain that target. Instead, Ethereum continues to shift into a role where mainnet provides durable consensus and scalable data availability, while execution spreads across many specialized, rollup-based environments. PeerDAS, flexible blob pricing, clearer block limits and stricter gas accounting inside Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade all contribute to that design. They do not claim instant transformation, but they push the ceiling for secure rollup capacity upward and cut the marginal cost of posting verified data to Ethereum.

Features enabled or reinforced by Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade, including more reliable pre-confirmation mechanisms and stronger cryptographic options, prepare the network for account abstraction, institutional participation and more complex applications that depend on predictable settlement. Once validators upgrade in sync and rollups integrate the new rules, users will interact mainly with faster layer 2 networks, while the base chain remains lean, auditable and operable on consumer-grade hardware. This direction follows the logic of previous upgrades and sets expectations for the next wave of changes on Ethereum’s scaling path.

Conclusion

The activation on December 3 will define Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade as a concrete turning point that addresses live data and cost pressure from layer 2 networks securing tens of billions of dollars. By restructuring blob handling, refining blob fee mechanics and tightening execution and gas limits, Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade expands capacity without raising the barrier to operate a validating node. Its impact should surface gradually as lower overhead for operators, more stable conditions for rollups, and smoother user experience during crowded markets. In doing so, Ethereum’s Fusaka upgrade aligns the protocol with its 2025 scale and prepares the network for the next measured phase of rollup-driven growth.

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