- Mainnet late 2025; testnets: Holesky Oct 1, Sepolia Oct 14, Hoodi Oct 28; $2M bounty.
- PeerDAS stores ~1/8 data; blob throughput 128; BPO1/2: targets 6 to 10 to 14, max 9 to 15 to 21.
- L1 gas 45M to 60M; EIP-7825 tx cap 16.7M; EIP-7823 modexp bounds; lower L2 costs.
Ethereum’s Fusaka Upgrade targets lower node costs and higher throughput without relaxing security, and it arrives after Pectra in May 2025 with mainnet activation planned for late 2025. The release packages 12 EIPs, centers on Peer Data Availability Sampling, and lifts baseline capacity so rollups can push more data at lower cost. Ethereum’s Fusaka Upgrade also schedules incremental blob increases through Blob Parameter Only forks to match rising demand from Layer 2 systems. Testnets lead the rollout, client teams publish compatible versions, and a short bug bounty aims to catch flaws before final activation. The path sets expectations for cheaper L2 transactions while keeping decentralization in view.
Ethereum’s Fusaka Upgrade roadmap and activation timeline
The roadmap places Pectra in May 2025, then shifts focus to late-2025 mainnet activation after a staged testnet cycle. Holesky received the upgrade on October 1, 2025. Sepolia follows on October 14, 2025. Hoodi completes the triad on October 28, 2025. Ethereum’s Fusaka Upgrade uses this schedule to validate the engine room changes before production. Client teams, including Besu, Erigon, and Lodestar, have shipped testnet-ready releases to exercise the code paths in diverse environments. A four-week bug bounty offers up to $2 million, which encourages white-hat review of both consensus and execution risks. Community discussions stress timely delivery to avoid knock-on delays for the early-2026 Glamsterdam milestone. Developers continue to measure performance, memory behavior, and sync characteristics during test flights, so the final mainnet block height can be set with enough confidence. Ethereum’s Fusaka Upgrade stays locked to this cadence unless testing surfaces a serious regression that warrants a hold.
PeerDAS, blob throughput, and BPO forks under Ethereum’s Fusaka Upgrade
Peer Data Availability Sampling is the central change. Instead of downloading every blob, nodes verify availability by sampling, which cuts bandwidth and storage while still checking the data plane. Ethereum’s Fusaka Upgrade states that a node may keep roughly one eighth of the previously required data, which lowers the cost of running a validating stack on modest hardware. The design also raises headroom for rollups by scaling blob throughput to 128 per block, so sequencers can post more data with less contention. To avoid one-time shocks, the chain uses Blob Parameter Only forks that tune targets and maximums after activation. BPO1 raises the per-block blob target from 6 to 10 and the maximum from 9 to 15. BPO2 lifts those figures again to 14 and 21. These steps let the network absorb adoption as it arrives rather than forcing another hard fork. Users should feel this in lower L2 fees as data availability becomes cheaper at the base layer. Ethereum’s Fusaka Upgrade also raises the gas limit at L1 from 45 million to 60 million, which increases transaction capacity while preserving stability goals.
EIPs for resilience: gas limits, modexp bounds, and base-layer changes
The package hardens execution paths against stress. EIP-7825 caps the transaction gas limit at 16.7 million, which blocks a single call from monopolizing block space and reduces denial-of-service vectors. EIP-7823 defines upper bounds for modular exponentiation operations so that crypto math pays a fair gas price that matches real compute. Together they price expensive operations more predictably and keep spam in check, which helps block producers plan for worst-case bursts. Ethereum’s Fusaka Upgrade also benefits from the gas limit increase to 60 million, yet it avoids over-stretching validators by pairing that lift with PeerDAS and tighter cost controls. The result is a steadier latency profile during peak use, fewer spikes in uncle rates, and healthier mempool dynamics when rollups batch and post data. Node operators can plan capacity with clearer thresholds, while client teams can optimize schedulers around the new caps.
L2 rollups, node economics, and ecosystem outlook
The largest economic shift lands with Layer 2s. Higher blob throughput and cheaper availability push sequencers to post more frequently and at larger sizes, which trims amortized fees for end users without diluting L1 security. Analysis from large asset managers notes that PeerDAS reduces bandwidth and storage needs across validators, so infrastructure operators can downsize certain components or reallocate budgets to reliability work. Ethereum’s Fusaka Upgrade gives small and mid-sized operators a clearer path to running full nodes by cutting data duties to about one eighth of earlier levels. That change broadens participation and supports decentralization goals. Large institutions with tuned fleets will see fewer direct savings because they already engineer for high throughput, though they still benefit from a calmer chain under load. As BPO1 and BPO2 raise blob targets from 6 to 10 to 14 and maxima from 9 to 15 to 21, rollups can expand without waiting for another protocol fork. Ethereum’s Fusaka Upgrade therefore frames L2 fee declines as a function of predictable base-layer capacity rather than one-off spikes, and it keeps the security model intact by holding data checks at the protocol layer. The plan lines up with future items like Verkle Trees and stateless clients, which aim to shrink state burdens and further ease validator requirements.
Conclusion
The release sequence uses Holesky on October 1, 2025, Sepolia on October 14, 2025, and Hoodi on October 28, 2025, then targets mainnet in late 2025 after a four-week, $2 million bug bounty. Ethereum’s Fusaka Upgrade lifts L1 gas from 45 million to 60 million, sets a per-transaction cap at 16.7 million, and bounds modular exponentiation costs to match compute realities. PeerDAS cuts stored data to about one eighth and scales blob throughput to 128 per block, while BPO1 and BPO2 raise blob targets from 6 to 10 to 14 and maxima from 9 to 15 to 21. The package reduces resource pressure, supports cheaper rollup posting, and protects block producers from stress patterns that once risked denial-of-service. With Pectra already shipped in May 2025 and Glamsterdam planned for early 2026, the network enters the next phase with lower operating costs and wider access for validators. Ethereum’s Fusaka Upgrade positions rollups to drop fees while keeping the base layer dependable for the broader Web3 stack.
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